power monopoly

  • Han Feizi – Chapter 11.3

    Han Feizi warns weak rulers let cliques seize power. Unchecked, states fall like Qi and Jin, despite wealth and land.

  • Han Feizi – Chapter 7.1

    Han Feizi’s core rule: rulers must monopolize punishment and reward. Losing either lets ministers usurp power, endangering the throne.

  • The cruel official-merchant struggle in “Tian Qilang”

    The conflict between Wu Chengxiu (representing “merchants” and the wealthy class) and the censor’s younger brother (representing “officials” and power networks) in Strange Tales from Liaozhai: Tian Qilang may seem to stem from a servant’s misconduct, but it actually tears away the cruel veil of “struggles between officials and merchants” in feudal society.