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Mencius said: “Can one reason with those unbenevolent men?They feel secure in danger, profit from disasters, and even take pleasure in the very things that will destroy them.If such people could still be reasoned with, how could there ever be ruined states or broken families?”
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In 208, when Cao Cao launched his southern campaign against Jingzhou, his army swept through Xinye with overwhelming momentum. Behind him marched hundreds of thousands of northern troops; at the vanguard were elite generals like Cao Ren and Xiahou Dun.
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The peaceful transfer of Ji Province (Jizhou) from Han Fu to Yuan Shao in 191 AD is one of the most perplexing episodes in the early Three Kingdoms period. On the surface, it appears as an act of noble selflessness—Han Fu, overwhelmed by external threats, voluntarily yields power to a more capable leader.
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Some say that although Zhang Xiu killed Cao Cao’s son, nephew, and general Dian Wei, Cao Cao did not have him killed—a stroke of luck for Zhang Xiu. However, caught in the turmoil, Zhang Xiu’s life was profoundly tragic.
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In previous articles, we discussed why Yuan Shu launched an attack on Xuzhou and how he managed to turn Lü Bu against his ally, Liu Bei. Yuan Shu won this war, but after exhausting his efforts and paying a heavy price, he gained nothing. Liu Bei lost—utterly and completely. The only beneficiary was Lü…
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In an earlier post, we discussed the defection of Dong Zhao from Yuan Shao. Before becoming a key architect of Cao Cao’s political ascendancy, Dong Zhao served under the powerful warlord Yuan Shao for several years and then served under Zhang Yang briefly.
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In 193 AD, though the main wave of the Yellow Turban Rebellion had been suppressed, scattered remnants continued to wreak havoc across the Han Empire. Kong Rong, serving as the Chancellor of Beihai Commandery (in modern-day Shandong), found himself at the center of a dire crisis.
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In a previous article, we discussed why Chen Gong betrayed Cao Cao. Today, let’s explore why Zhang Miao was also persuaded to join the rebellion and betray Cao Cao.