Mencius explains Confucius’ starvation plight between Chen and Cai stemmed from lacking ties with local rulers and common folk. It shows virtuous gentlemen endure hardship without political support yet should cling firmly to moral principles amid chaotic times.
Mencius advocates critical reading: blind faith in classics equals having no books. He doubts the Book of Documents’ bloody battle record, arguing the supremely benevolent King Wu would face little resistance against tyrant Zhou, so only a small part of the chapter holds truth.
To Chen Zi’s question, Mencius lays out three tiers for scholars to take or quit office, prioritizing rulers’ respect and willingness to implement their Way. Relief to escape starvation is acceptable only as a last resort.