Mencius explains Confucius’ starvation plight between Chen and Cai stemmed from lacking ties with local rulers and common folk. It shows virtuous gentlemen endure hardship without political support yet should cling firmly to moral principles amid chaotic times.
Mencius puts forward his core people-first idea: people rank highest, state shrines second, rulers least. Leaders who lose public support may be replaced; even state deities can be discarded if they fail to protect people from disasters.
Mencius contrasts ancient and modern border checkpoints. Originally built to fend off bandits and shield civilians, they now serve as tools for rulers to tax and oppress common folk, exposing corrupted state power against people’s interests.