nepotism

  • Mozi – Chapter 10

    Chapter Ten (Exalting the Worthy III) continues Mohist meritocracy. Mozi criticizes rulers who value kin or looks over talent, uses archery analogies, cites sage kings, and stresses elevating capable commoners to enrich, stabilize and unify the realm.

  • Wang Dou [Biographies of Noble Scholars]

    Daoist scholar Wang Dou criticized King Xuan of Qi for favoring sycophants over capable talents. He forced the king to greet him respectfully and used a silk analogy to expose misplaced priorities. The king repented, appointed worthy men, and brought Qi prosperity.

  • Han Feizi – Chapter 9.4

    Han Feizi advocates merit-based appointments. Favoritism and selling offices breed corruption, demoralize talent, and ruin states.