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The Battle of Guandu (200 CE) – the decisive confrontation between Cao Cao and Yuan Shao – did not unfold in isolation. Even as the two warlords marshaled their forces along the Yellow River, a cascade of events across the empire shaped the conflict’s trajectory.
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In the summer of 194 AD, while Cao Cao was deep in Xuzhou, devastating Tao Qian’s forces and advancing toward Tan County, disaster struck at home. News reached him: Chen Gong and Zhang Miao had rebelled, opening the gates of Yanzhou to Lü Bu, the famed warrior fleeing from Dong Zhuo’s downfall.
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In the summer of 194 AD, Cao Cao assembled a massive army to launch his second invasion of Xu Province, this time under the banner of filial vengeance. His father, Cao Song, had been murdered by soldiers of Tao Qian.