institutional design

  • Han Feizi – Chapter 27.2

    This passage is excerpted from Han Feizi · Employing People, the most pivotal chapter where Han Fei expounds the idea that institutions are superior to individual intellect. Through stark contrasts, he shatters the romantic illusion of “sage‑king governance” and articulates a fundamental political‑philosophical thesis: a sound institution is not a crutch for geniuses, but…

  • Han Feizi – Chapter 26.1

    This Han Feizi chapter describes sage‑king legislation with motivating rewards and overcoming violence. A sound system creates ruler‑subject harmony, inspiring loyal, courageous subjects so the ruler may govern securely without worry.

  • Mencius – Chapter 10.2

    Mencius outlines the Zhou’s five noble ranks and six official grades, with matching land and salary tiers. Lost full records left only a rough outline. Its graded pay ensures scholars need not farm, forming a stable hierarchical system for orderly benevolent governance.