Tao Ying raises an ethical dilemma: if Shun’s father murdered someone, justice must arrest him. Yet Shun would abandon his throne like worn sandals, secretly carry his father away, prioritizing filial piety without violating judicial impartiality.
Han Fei stresses law as the impartial governance standard. It curbs ministerial encroachment, treats nobles and commoners equally, and secures supreme monarchical power.
Han Fei advises rulers to stay calm and non-active. Verify ministers’ words against deeds, enforce impartial rewards and punishments without favoritism.