This page interprets Robber Zhi from Zhuangzi. Through Robber Zhi refuting Confucius, it denounces the hypocrisy of Confucian benevolence and righteousness. Two additional dialogues examine harms of fame and wealth, advocating following nature and preserving one’s true self in this highly subversive chapter.
This Han Feizi passage redefines Daoist emptiness and non-action. True emptiness is spontaneous mental freedom, not forced practice. Natural non-action nurtures virtue and enables effective rule.
This Han Feizi excerpt interprets Daoist virtue. True virtue is inner wholeness through non-action and desirelessness, not outward display. Striving for virtue deliberately ruins it.