Ritual is the outward expression of inner emotion, the patterned refinement of all righteous principles, the bond between ruler‑minister and father‑son, and the distinction between noble‑commoner, worthy‑unworthy.
Righteousness refers to the norms between ruler‑minister and superior‑subordinate, the hierarchical distinctions between father‑son and noble‑commoner, the interactions of close friends, and the division between intimate inner‑circle and distant outer‑circle relations.