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Brief: This article covers the Qing’s final collapse. Cixi launched hollow “New Policies” to fake reform. Revolutionist Wu Yue bombed a royal mission to study Western systems. In 1908, the poisoned Guangxu Emperor died; Cixi died the next day. She installed infant Puyi as emperor. The dynasty’s fate was sealed.
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Brief: This article recounts the 1900 Boxer Rebellion. Cixi backed the anti‑foreign Boxers and declared war on the Eight‑Nation Alliance. Beijing fell; Cixi fled and ordered Consort Zhen’s death. The Boxer Protocol imposed a huge indemnity, fatally weakening the Qing and fueling revolutionary calls to end dynastic rule.
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Brief: This article follows the tragic Guangxu Emperor. After China’s crushing defeat in the 1894 First Sino‑Japanese War, he launched the Hundred Days’ Reform to modernize the country. But his bold reforms threatened Empress Dowager Cixi, who held real power. The short‑lived reform revealed the fierce conflict between reform and conservatism in late Qing…
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Brief: This article covers China’s early modernization drive. After suppressing the Taiping Rebellion, Prince Gong and officials like Li Hongzhang launched the Self‑Strengthening Movement to adopt Western industry and military technology. It built arsenals, shipyards, and new schools. Meanwhile, court politics continued: the Tongzhi Emperor died young, and Cixi installed the puppet Guangxu Emperor…