Facing South

  • Han Feizi – Chapter 18.3

    Those ignorant of governance always claim: “Do not change the ancient ways, do not alter established customs.” Whether to reform or not, sages ignore such empty words and merely pursue proper governance. Thus preserving ancient institutions depends on whether they are viable or not.

  • Han Feizi – Chapter 18.2

    A ruler may be tempted by state affairs or blocked by ministers’ words; both must be examined carefully.

  • Han Feizi – Chapter 18.1

    The ruler’s fault lies in this: having appointed certain ministers, he then uses those he distrusts to check them. Such checkers inevitably oppose the appointed ministers in speech, and the ruler ends up controlled by those he distrusts. Moreover, those whom the ruler uses to check others are themselves former objects of surveillance.