Mencius distinguishes two pursuits. Inner virtues like benevolence are fully attainable through personal effort. External wealth and status demand proper ways yet rely on fate, so one cannot guarantee gaining them.
This chapter focuses on the dangers of excess and the wisdom of moderation. Lao Tzu questions the human pursuit of fame, wealth, and external validation (“Which is more harmful: gain or loss?”) and warns that overaccumulation invites ruin.