exile

  • Qu Yuan

    Qu Yuan (c. 340–278 BCE) was a statesman and poet of the Warring States period, hailing from the state of Chu. His given name was Ping, and his courtesy name was Yuan. Born into the Chu aristocracy, he initially enjoyed the deep trust of King Huai of Chu and held key offices such as…

  • Su Wu’s Nineteen-Year Vigil in the Frozen North [Western Han]

    A Fragile Peace, A Fateful Mission After their crushing defeats by Wei Qing and Huo Qubing, the Xiongnu retreated beyond the Gobi Desert. For years, they pretended to seek peace – sending envoys to Chang’an while secretly rebuilding their armies. Both sides routinely detained each other’s diplomats: over a dozen Han envoys had been…

  • Preface to the Pavilion of Prince Teng

    By Wang Bo (Tang Dynasty) The old prefecture of Yuzhang, now the new seat of Hongzhou.Its stars align with the constellations Yi and Zhen; its land borders Mount Heng and Mount Lu.Girded by the Three Rivers and belted by the Five Lakes, it commands the southern Jing region and links Ou and Yue.Here nature’s…

  • The tragic end of Qu Yuan [Warring States]

    In the state of Chu, the minister Qu Yuan had long warned against the treachery of King Zhaoxiang of Qin. He repeatedly urged King Huai of Chu to ally with Qi against Qin. But King Huai, swayed by the likes of Jin Shang (accepted bribes from Zhang Yi, prime minister of Qin) and Gongzi…

  • The Rise and Fall of Confucius’s political career [Spring & Autumn]

    From 501 to 497 BCE, Confucius held successive posts – Magistrate of Zhongdu, Minister of Works (Sikong), Minister of Justice (Da Sikou), and finally Chancellor-in-charge – marking the closest he ever came to realizing his political ideals.

  • Wu Zixu fleeing through the Zhaoguan Pass [Spring & Autumn]

    During the reign of King Ping of Chu (r. 528–516 BCE), the state fell into moral decay. The king, easily swayed by flatterers, favored Fei Wuji – a cunning courtier who thrived on deceit.

  • Battle of Chengpu: The rise of Duke Wen of Jin [Spring & Autumn]

    Feudal throne succession is a critical period of power transition. However, as it involves the transfer of supreme authority, it often triggers internal conflicts or even national instability. The root causes of such disasters typically lie in the tests of human nature under the allure of power, flaws in institutional design, or interference from…

  • From exile to hegemon: Duke Wen of Jin [Spring & Autumn]

    Duke Wen of Jin (Ji Chong’er), the 22nd ruler of the State of Jin during the Spring and Autumn period (reigned 636–628 BCE), is renowned as one of the Five Hegemons. His path to power was extraordinary, marked by nineteen years of exile before his dramatic return and eventual dominance over the central states.

  • The friendship that shaped an empire [Spring & Autumn]

    During the late Spring and Autumn period, Duke Xiang of Qi ruled with arrogance and recklessness. He bullied neighboring states and oppressed his own people, sparking widespread discontent – even within his own family.