Mencius uses mountain trails as a metaphor to warn disciple Gaozi: constant practice clears one’s moral mind, yet neglect lets weeds of desire block it. He reminds people to sustain unceasing self-cultivation to avoid spiritual stagnation.
Mencius observes most people follow the Way blindly: they act without grasping its meaning, stick to habits without reflection, and never truly understand the moral path they live by. He urges conscious self-awareness rather than mindless routine.
This article introduces early Chinese Enlightenment thinkers. After the Ming’s fall, Huang Zongxi, Gu Yanwu and Wang Fuzhi criticized autocracy and advocated limiting imperial power. Later, Dai Zhen opposed rigid ethics, while Gong Zizhen called for reform and talent to save the declining Qing. Their ideas foreshadowed modern progressive thought.
Bei Yi (or Pi Yi) was a man from the time of Emperor Yao. Yao’s teacher was Xu You; Xu You’s teacher was Nie Que; Nie Que’s teacher was Wang Ni; and Wang Ni’s teacher was Bei Yi.
In stillness, a person’s thoughts are as clear as water, and his true heart can be seen to the bottom.
The pursuit of Daoist cultivation is a recurring theme in classical Chinese literature. For instance, Journey to the West’s Sun Wukong voyages to the Spirit Terrace, Square-Inch Mountain seeking immortality from Patriarch Subodhi (Subhuti).