Hou Yi (后羿), also known simply as “Yi,” is traditionally regarded as the chieftain of the Youqiong tribe of the Dongyi people during the Xia Dynasty (夏代东夷有穷部落), renowned for his exceptional archery skills. He once overthrew the rule of Tai Kang of the Xia Dynasty and seized the throne, but was ultimately killed due…
This is an ancient myth and legend. Yu (大禹) was the chieftain of the Xiahou clan (夏后氏), also known as Xia Yu or Rong Yu (夏禹、戎禹). According to tradition, his father, Gun (鲧), was ordered by Emperor Yao to control the floods. Gun stole the Heavenly Emperor’s “living soil” (息壤, Xirang) to build dikes,…
This commentary on Zhuangzi‑Xiaoyaoyou explores true spiritual freedom. Analyzing Kun‑Peng and key fables, it discusses relativity of perspectives, “no‑dependence”, and the wisdom that uselessness can be great use.
This excerpt from Zhuangzi‑Xiaoyaoyou uses Kun‑Peng and fable cases. It contrasts small‑great perspectives, explores spiritual freedom and “uselessness”, and advocates the ideal of the Perfect Person transcending worldly dependencies.
This Han Feizi chapter illustrates human inherent limits via multiple ancient figures. It advises enlightened rulers to leverage favorable circumstances, uphold laws‑methods, and keep their emotions hidden to govern effectively.
This chapter expands Mohist utilitarian frugality, setting minimal functional standards for food, clothes, housing, weapons and burials. It cites Emperor Yao as a model ruler rejecting fancy rituals and unnecessary luxurious spending.
This final chapter compiles ancient sage kings’ core governance creeds: uphold the Mean, shoulder all people’s faults, prioritize populace, food, rituals and sacrifices, and practice four ruling virtues – magnanimity, sincerity, diligence and impartiality.
Mencius states true friendship centers on virtue, free from status, age or power. He cites nobles and rulers treating virtuous men as equals, arguing genuine respect from lords means granting them political authority, balancing honoring superiors and worthy subordinates.