•
Brief: This article tells the short-lived Yongzhen Reform under the mute Emperor Shunzong of Tang. After Emperor Dezong empowered corrupt eunuchs, the paralyzed Shunzong and his ministers launched bold reforms to end exploitation. However, eunuchs and warlords staged a coup, forcing abdication. The reform collapsed, exiling its leaders, yet it paved the way for…
•
Brief: This article recounts Emperor Dezong’s turbulent reign. His attempt to crush warlords triggered widespread rebellions and the Jingyuan Mutiny, forcing him to flee Chang’an. On Lu Zhi’s advice, he issued a sincere Edict of Self‑Reflection, which pacified most rebels. Though order was restored, the crisis weakened the Tang and shaped Dezong’s later rule.