Duke Wen of Wei

  • Chapter 21. Tian Zifang

    This Zhuangzi ‑ Tian Zifang chapter features diverse dialogues and fables. It advocates genuine inner Dao‑embodiment over superficial appearances, stressing spiritual calm amid external gains, losses and changing circumstances.

  • From exile to hegemon: Duke Wen of Jin [Spring & Autumn]

    This article chronicles the epic journey of Duke Wen of Jin (Ji Chong’er), one of China’s Five Hegemons. It details his nineteen years of exile, marked by humiliation – such as begging for food at Wulu – and the fierce loyalty of his retainers. The narrative highlights his diplomatic promise to “retreat three she”…