Mencius condemns ministers who boost rulers’ wealth and military power as people’s robbers. They aid tyrants if rulers disregard benevolence. States built on such utilitarian force lack moral legitimacy and will collapse quickly.
Mencius depicts a moral political decline: Five Hegemons betrayed the Three Kings’ ideal order; current lords break the Kuiqiu Alliance’s five rules. Ministers who abet rulers’ misdeeds bear graver guilt than those who merely tolerate evil.
Sun Tzu stresses seizing battlefield initiative: arrive early to stay rested. Skilled generals manipulate foes via lures and threats, exhausting, starving or unsettling the enemy instead of being controlled by them.
This article interprets Sun Tzu’s view on strategists choosing lords. It highlights their independent spirit to pick wise rulers or leave incompetent ones, citing ancient figures. It also reflects the scholar-strategists’ philosophy of mutual selection in the Spring and Autumn Period.
Han Feizi recounts Guan Zhong and Bao Shuya split to back rival Qi princes. After Xiaobai became Duke Huan, Bao recommended jailed Guan as premier. The tale proves talented people rely on trusted friends instead of self-promotion to thrive.
Han Feizi recounts Duke Huan sent a scout to watch rebellious Prince Jiu. The envoy spotted his unnatural forced smile and blank gaze, proving his plot. The duke pressured Lu to execute the prince, showing inner schemes reveal themselves via odd behaviors.
Han Feizi records Duke Huan’s question about wealth’s limit. Guan Zhong compares wealth’s boundary to a riverbank: satisfaction sets wealth’s end, yet endless greed leaves people chasing riches without any natural cutoff.
Han Feizi tells similar actions may hide different motives. Judge people by their true intentions, not just deeds.
Han Feizi tells Guan Zhong followed an old horse and Xi Peng found water via ants. Wise men learn from nature and experience.