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Duke Wen of Jin (Ji Chong’er), the 22nd ruler of the State of Jin during the Spring and Autumn period (reigned 636–628 BCE), is renowned as one of the Five Hegemons. His path to power was extraordinary, marked by nineteen years of exile before his dramatic return and eventual dominance over the central states.
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When news reached the state of Lu that Duke Huan of Qi had appointed Guan Zhong – once a prisoner of Lu – as his chancellor, Duke Zhuang of Lu was furious.
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During the late Spring and Autumn period, Duke Xiang of Qi ruled with arrogance and recklessness. He bullied neighboring states and oppressed his own people, sparking widespread discontent – even within his own family.