cultural relativism

  • Mozi – Chapter 49

    This chapter collects Mozi’s dialogues with lords and craftsmen. It advocates tailored state policies, condemns aggressive wars, stresses righteousness over profit, and argues teaching universal love outweighs manual labor’s limited gains.

  • Mozi – Chapter 25

    This chapter rejects lavish burials and long mourning. It argues they drain wealth, cut population and breed chaos, cites sage kings’ simple tombs, and advocates minimalist funerals to benefit both the living and deceased.

  • The Analects – Chapter 13.19

    Fan Chi asked about benevolence/humaneness. The Master said, “Be respectful in daily life, diligent in your duties, and loyal in your dealings with others. Even if you go to barbarian lands, do not abandon these virtues.”