Mencius draws a sharp contrast: diligent people pursuing goodness follow Sage Shun, while those chasing profit resemble bandit Zhi. The core divide between noble and base lies solely in one’s inner motive: virtue or self-interest.
Mencius distinguishes secular desires, worldly joys and unchanging inner nature. Benevolence, righteousness, ritual and wisdom rooted in the heart stay steady through success or poverty, shining naturally in one’s bearing and gestures.
Mencius names three supreme joys for gentlemen, excluding worldly kingship: intact family, a clear conscience with no shame before heaven and men, and nurturing talented pupils to carry forward moral truths.
Hardships breed virtue, wisdom and discernment. Marginalized ministers and concubine-born sons live with constant vigilance and deep forethought over risks. Such crisis awareness grants them thorough insight into life’s truths.
Mencius simplifies moral self-cultivation into two core restraints: refrain from wrongful deeds and reject improper cravings. This minimalist practice relies on inner conscience to guard one’s heart, forming the plain yet fundamental standard of being a virtuous person.
Mencius notes Sage Shun was barely distinguishable from mountain villagers at first. Yet upon encountering any kind word or virtuous act, his innate goodness surged forth irresistibly, showing how responsiveness to good differentiates sages from common folk.