collective wisdom

  • Han Feizi – Chapter 48.2

    This Han Feizi ‑ Chapter 48.2 states top‑grade rulers harness collective wisdom instead of personal power. Ministers’ proposals are recorded, tested against outcomes. Uniform consensus arouses suspicion; ministers should monitor one another under fixed standards.

  • The Analects – Chapter 14.8

    The Master said, “In drafting official documents [or diplomatic proclamations], Bi Chen would first compose a draft; Shi Shu would then discuss and revise it; Xing Ren Zi Yu would polish the wording; and Dong Li Zi Chan would finally refine and finalize it.”