Chinese mythology, folktales, and literature
This excerpt is from “Explanation Four” in Han Feizi · Inner Congeries of Sayings I. Han Fei argues rulers must break group‑report cover‑ups and conduct one‑on‑one inquiries. Free from powerful ministers’ manipulation and herd conformity, rulers can perceive truth and make sound strategic decisions.
This excerpt is from “Canon Four: Individual Hearing” in Han Feizi. Rulers must hear ministers individually and hold them accountable. Breaking group‑report cover‑ups distinguishes genuine talent from impostors, eliminating officials’ opportunities to form cliques and mislead the sovereign.