ancient China

  • Art of War – Chapter 4.1

    Skilled warriors first secure their own invincibility and wait for enemies’ weaknesses. Being unbeatable depends on oneself, while defeating foes relies on their flaws. Victory can be predicted, yet it cannot be forced to happen.

  • Art of War – Chapter 3.5

    Sun Tzu puts forward five rules to predict victory: judging battle timing, deploying troops properly, uniting all ranks, staying fully prepared and letting capable generals command freely without royal interference.

  • Art of War – Chapter 3.1

    Sun Tzu states preserving the enemy’s state and troops intact is ideal in warfare. Winning every battle is not perfect. The ultimate mastery lies in subduing the enemy completely without engaging in combat.

  • Art of War – Chapter 1.1

    This excerpt from The Art of War features Sun Tzu’s core viewpoint. He stresses war is crucial to a state, concerning people’s lives and national survival. Thus, leaders must deliberate thoroughly before waging any war.

  • Art of War – Chapter 1.2

    Sun Tzu puts forward five key elements to assess warfare: morality, heaven, earth, commandership and discipline. Leaders should compare both sides’ strengths based on these factors to fully analyze the real situation before battles.

  • Art of War – Chapter 1.3

    Sun Tzu elaborates on the five core war factors: unity of will, weather, terrain, generals’ five virtues and military rules. He stresses that commanders who fully grasp these principles will gain victory in battles.

  • Duke Huan of Qi

    Duke Huan of Qi was one of the most famous overlords in China’s Spring and Autumn Period (770–476 BC). He became the ruler of the State of Qi at a young age. He was open‑minded and willing to accept good advice. He appointed a wise prime minister named Guan Zhong and trusted him fully.…

  • Preface to Biographies of High-Minded Scholars

    Confucius said, “When the hidden virtuous are elevated, the hearts of all people under heaven turn to them.” Mr. Hongya established lofty principles in the age of the Sovereigns of High Antiquity; Xu You and Shan Juan did not lower their integrity during the reigns of Tang and Yu. Therefore, the I Ching contains…

  • Mencius’ Mother’s Three Relocations [Warring States]

    In ancient China, during the turbulent Warring States period (5th–3rd century BCE), a young boy named Meng Ke – later known to history as Mencius, the great Confucian philosopher – grew up under the devoted care of his widowed mother, Lady Zhang. With no father and little money, their life was humble. But what…