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In 195 AD, after being defeated by Cao Cao, Lü Bu fled from Yan Province to Xu Province and sought help from Liu Bei. Despite the objections of Guan Yu and Zhang Fei, Liu Bei, upholding his reputation for benevolence and righteousness, stationed Lü Bu at Xiaopei (present-day Pei County, Jiangsu) and formed an…
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During the late Eastern Han Dynasty, warlords engaged in constant warfare to seize territory. Yuan Shao and Yuan Shu, though half-brothers, turned against each other due to conflicting interests, each forming their own military alliances. Initially, Yuan Shu, Gongsun Zan, and Tao Qian belonged to the same faction. However, driven by self-interest, Yuan Shu…
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To eliminate the threat posed by Liu Bei and Lü Bu’s control of Xuzhou, Cao Cao adopted a step-by-step strategy proposed by Xun Yu. First, he used the “Feeding Two Tigers to Fight” stratagem, petitioning the court to appoint Liu Bei as Governor of Xuzhou while secretly ordering him to execute Lü Bu. This…
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The “Feeding two tigers to fight”, “Two tigers competing food” or “Two tigers fight for food” was a stratagem devised by Xun Yu for Cao Cao during the late Eastern Han Dynasty, originating from Chapter 14 of Romance of the Three Kingdoms. It refers to creating conflict between two rival parties, instigating them to…
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After the court-appointed Inspector of Yang Province, Liu Yao, occupied Danyang Commandery, Yuan Shu was deeply unwilling to accept this. He immediately appointed his subordinate Hui Qu as the Inspector of Yang Province, with Wu Jing as the general, and sent them along with Sun Ben to attack Liu Yao. However, they were unable…
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In the two preceding articles, we discussed Cao Cao’s recovery of Yan Province and Zhang Miao’s betrayal of Cao Cao. Both accounts involved a key figure: Zhang Chao, Zhang Miao’s younger brother. In December 195, Cao Cao besieged Yongqiu, where Zhang Chao was stationed, eventually conquering the city and executing Zhang Chao and all…
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In February 195 AD, during a high-level meeting in Chang’an, Li Jue ordered the assassination of his fellow warlord Fan Chou, who had grown increasingly influential and independent. The killing, carried out by Li Jue’s nephew Li Li, shattered the fragile alliance among the warlords controlling the Han court. From this point on, mutual…
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Throughout his life, Cao Cao formed deep friendships with many individuals, though due to various reasons, he also fell out with numerous close friends, ultimately becoming mortal enemies. Among those who eventually turned against him, Zhang Miao and Yuan Shao are two poignant examples.