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Gao Chai is overly simple-minded; Zeng Shen is slow-witted; Zi Zhang is one-sided and extreme; Zi You (Zilu) is coarse and impetuous.
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Zigong asked, “Which is more virtuous – Zi Zhang or Zi Xia?” The Master replied, “Zi Zhang goes too far; Zi Xia falls short.” Zigong then asked, “Then is Zi Zhang better?” The Master said, “To go too far is just as bad as not going far enough.”
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The Master said, “Why is You (Zilu) playing the se [a zither-like instrument] in my school?” His disciples consequently began to show Zilu less respect. The Master then said, “You has ascended to the hall – but has not yet entered the inner chamber.”
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The people of Lu were planning to rebuild the Changfu (the state treasury or armory). Min Ziqian said, “Why not keep the old structure as it is? Why must we rebuild it?” Confucius remarked, “This man seldom speaks – but when he does, his words always hit the mark.”
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When Min Ziqian stood by Confucius’s side, he appeared gentle and respectful; Zilu looked resolute and forceful; Ran You and Zigong were relaxed, cheerful, and articulate. Confucius was delighted. But then he sighed, “As for You (Zilu), I fear he will not meet a peaceful end.”
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Zilu asked how to serve ghosts and spirits. The Master said, “If you have not yet learned how to serve people, how can you serve ghosts and spirits?” Zilu ventured to ask further, “May I ask about death?” The Master replied, “If you do not yet understand life, how can you understand death?”
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When Yan Hui died, Confucius wept with overwhelming grief. Those accompanying him said, “You are grieving excessively.” He replied, “Am I really grieving too much? If not for someone like him, for whom else should I grieve!”