Western Han

  • The Usurper’s Mask: Wang Mang [Western Han]

    The Virtuous Outsider in a Corrupt Clan Wang Zhengjun, Empress Dowager of the Western Han, had eight brothers. Her eldest, Wang Feng, rose to become Grand Marshal and Commander-in-Chief, wielding supreme power. His siblings and nephews grew notoriously arrogant and extravagant – except one. Wang Mang, son of the early-deceased Wang Man (her second…

  • Beyond the Frontier: Wang Zhaojun [Western Han]

    A New Emperor, A Fractured Steppe When Emperor Zhao of Han died childless in 74 BCE, the court faced a succession crisis. Regent Huo Guang first installed Liu He, King of Changyi, but deposed him after just 27 days – accused of committing 1,127 improper acts, from debauchery to neglect of ritual.

  • The Loyal Regent: Huo Guang [Western Han]

    A Child Emperor, a Steadfast Guardian Though only eight years old when he ascended the throne in 87 BCE, Emperor Zhao of Han proved remarkably wise. Under the regency of Huo Guang – half-brother of the legendary general Huo Qubing and a trusted regent (minister entrusted with the orphaned heir) – the young emperor…

  • The Hero’s Homecoming: Su Wu’s Return [Western Han]

    The Bare Staff of Loyalty Year after year, Su Wu tended his sheep on the desolate shores of Beihai (Lake Baikal). Nineteen winters had passed since his exile began. The once-proud imperial staff – the symbol of his mission as Han envoy – had long lost its silk tassels. Yet Su Wu clutched the…

  • Su Wu’s Nineteen-Year Vigil in the Frozen North [Western Han]

    A Fragile Peace, A Fateful Mission After their crushing defeats by Wei Qing and Huo Qubing, the Xiongnu retreated beyond the Gobi Desert. For years, they pretended to seek peace – sending envoys to Chang’an while secretly rebuilding their armies. Both sides routinely detained each other’s diplomats: over a dozen Han envoys had been…

  • The Emperor Wu’s Quest for Immortality [Western Han]

    Victory at Home, Longing Beyond the Heavens By the mid-second century BCE, Emperor Wu of Han had secured his legacy. Under his command: The empire was stable, prosperous, and powerful. Yet, as the old saying goes:”Once an emperor, he dreams of becoming an immortal.” From the age of sixteen, when he ascended the throne,…

  • Reconnecting the West: Zhang Qian’s Final Mission [Western Han]

    The Hammer Falls on the Xiongnu In 121 BCE, Emperor Wu appointed the young general Huo Qubing as General of the Chariots and Cavalry, leading a force of ten thousand cavalrymen from Longxi (modern Gansu) to strike at the Xiongnu. Huo’s army achieved a resounding victory, seizing control of Yanzhi Mountain and Qilian Mountain.

  • The Silk Road Pioneer: Zhang Qian [Western Han]

    A Call Beyond the Frontier In the early reign of Emperor Wu of Han (r. 141–87 BCE), a young courtier named Zhang Qian from Hanzhong served as a Langzhong – an imperial attendant. At court, defectors from the Xiongnu revealed tantalizing news: far beyond the deserts of Dunhuang, in the lands between the Tianshan…

  • The Forge of Empire: Emperor Wu’s War on the Xiongnu [Western Han]

    A New Emperor, A New Vision Upon his accession in 141 BCE, the young Emperor Wu of Han wasted no time in reshaping the empire. He issued an edict calling on every commandery to recommend virtuous, learned, and forthright men – a policy known as “recommending worthy, upright, and boldly remonstrating scholars.”