• Han Feizi – Chapter 48.1

    This Han Feizi ‑ Chapter 48.1 argues governance must follow human desires for likes‑dislikes. Rulers should firmly hold power‑handles, enforce impartial, heavy rewards‑punishments, keep inner intentions concealed and bar private parties from legal judgments.

  • Han Feizi – Chapter 47

    This Han Feizi ‑ Chapter 47 (Eight Sayings) criticizes eight popular private‑virtue praises harmful to state. It advocates objective legal standards, merit‑based official appointment and curbing over‑powerful ministers for national wealth and strength.

  • Han Feizi – Chapter 46

    This Han Feizi ‑ Chapter 46 condemns reversed social values in governance. It warns private morality and factions erode royal power, advising rulers to prioritize impartial state law rather than unregulated personal reputations for political stability.

  • Han Feizi – Chapter 45

    This Han Feizi ‑ Chapter 45 (Gui Shi ‑ Perverting Directives) analyses three core state‑governing tools: benefit, authority and title. It blames disorder when rulers socially honour wrong conduct which undermines these Legalist instruments.

  • Han Feizi – Chapter 44

    This Han Feizi ‑ Chapter 44 classifies five minister‑types and five treacherous court tricks. It stresses rulers must master official‑assessment techniques, curb power‑usurping rivalry, rather than merely relying on personal virtue or frugality.

  • Han Feizi – Chapter 43

    This Han Feizi ‑ Chapter 43 compares Shen Buhai’s shu (ruler’s art) and Shang Yang’s fa (law). It argues both are indispensable, yet neither thinker perfected them; mere military merit should not qualify one for administrative posts.