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The Reformist Ambition of the Liao Empress [Song & Yuan]
This article explores the reformist rule of Empress Dowager Xiao Chuo of the Liao Dynasty. After Emperor Jingzong’s death, she became regent for the young Emperor Shengzong and formed a close political alliance with Han Derang. Inspired by Tang governance, they launched sweeping reforms in law, taxation, slave emancipation, and official selection. They built…
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Essentials of Governance from the Zhenguan Era – Zhenguan Zhengyao
Zhenguan Zhengyao (Essentials of Governance from the Zhenguan Era) is a foundational Chinese political classic compiled during the Tang dynasty by the historian and statesman Wu Jing (670–749 CE). Completed around 708–710 CE, the work records the exemplary governance, dialogues, policies, and administrative philosophy of Emperor Taizong(r. 626–649) and his ministers during the famed…
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The Tragic Fall of General Yang Ye [Song & Yuan]
This article tells the tragic story of General Yang Ye, a loyal and brave defender of the Song Dynasty. It reviews the failed Northern Expeditions against the Liao, highlights Yang Ye’s brilliant victory at Yanmen Gate that earned him the title “Invincible.” In the 986 campaign, slandered by jealous supervisors and abandoned by his…
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Taiping Yulan
Taiping Yulan (Imperial Readings of the Taiping Era) is a monumental Chinese encyclopedia compiled during the early Northern Song dynasty. Commissioned by Emperor Taizong of Song, it was edited by a team of scholars led by Li Fang, along with Li Mu, Xu Xuan, and others. Work began in 977 CE (the second year…