• The Analects – Chapter 17.26

    Confucius states forty is a mature milestone for self-cultivation. If one is still widely disliked by forty, deep-seated flaws make moral improvement nearly impossible, urging timely self-reflection and correction of faults early in life.

  • The Analects – Chapter 17.25

    Confucius remarks women and petty folk are hard to get along with: too close and they grow disrespectful; too distant and they resent him. This much-debated line reflects ancient social limits and a lesson on balanced interpersonal boundaries.

  • The Analects – Chapter 17.24

    Confucius and Zigong list detestable conducts. Confucius condemns slanderers, insubordinates, reckless brave and stubborn men; Zigong loathes those masking plagiarism, arrogance and harsh criticism as wisdom, courage and candor, warning against fake virtues.

  • The Analects – Chapter 17.23

    Confucius tells Zilu righteousness outweighs courage. Without moral guidance, a bold gentleman stirs unrest, while a fearless petty man turns to theft. True bravery must be governed by righteousness to avoid harming society.

  • The Analects – Chapter 17.22

    Confucius criticizes those who laze around full yet never think. He claims even board games demand mental focus and beat utter idleness, stressing people ought to keep their minds active instead of sinking into hollow, wasted days.

  • The Analects – Chapter 17.21

    Zai Wo suggests cutting parental mourning to one year over ritual decay worries. Confucius argues three years repay parents’ early care, criticizing Zai Wo’s lack of heartfelt filial benevolence, holding true rituals spring from sincere inner grief rather than superficial forms.