• Han Feizi – Chapter 10.1

    Han Feizi lists ten fatal ruler faults: petty loyalty, short-term greed, indulgence, ignoring advice, reckless diplomacy.

  • Lǎo Mǎ Shí Tú (老马识途)

    Basic Information Chinese idiom: 老马识途Pinyin: lǎo mǎ shí túLiteral Meaning: An old horse knows the way it has traveled before.Figurative Meaning: Experienced people, just like old horses, can judge directions correctly and handle things skillfully thanks to rich life experience. It praises seniors or veterans for their wisdom gained from long‑term practice. Extended Background…

  • Duke Huan of Qi

    Duke Huan of Qi was one of the most famous overlords in China’s Spring and Autumn Period (770–476 BC). He became the ruler of the State of Qi at a young age. He was open‑minded and willing to accept good advice. He appointed a wise prime minister named Guan Zhong and trusted him fully.…

  • Han Feizi – Chapter 9.4

    Han Feizi advocates merit-based appointments. Favoritism and selling offices breed corruption, demoralize talent, and ruin states.

  • Han Feizi – Chapter 9.3

    Han Feizi argues rulers must reject foreign control. Submission weakens sovereignty, lets ministers collude abroad to usurp power.

  • Han Feizi – Chapter 9.2

    Han Feizi outlines ruler’s defenses: control court/kin, monopolize favors, verify speech, regulate warriors, rule by law.