• Guan Zhong

    Guan Zhong (?–645 BC) was a prominent statesman in the early Spring and Autumn period. His given name was Yi Wu, his courtesy name was Zhong, and he was a native of Yingshang. Initially serving under Prince Jiu, he was later recommended by his close friend Bao Shuya and appointed as a high-ranking minister…

  • Han Feizi – Chapter 18.2

    Han Feizi advises rulers to hold ministers accountable for both speech and silence, reject empty projects, and prioritize net gains.

  • Han Feizi – Chapter 18.1

    Han Feizi warns rulers against using ministers to check each other, which fuels factions. He advocates strict law to curb power.

  • Han Feizi – Chapter 17.2

    Han Feizi argues self-interest drives all. Even wives and heirs may plot a ruler’s death. Rulers must enforce strict law and guard close allies.

  • Han Feizi – Chapter 17.1

    Han Feizi warns rulers that trusting family – wives, sons – leads to control. Loyalty is rare; self-interest drives all.

  • Han Feizi – Chapter 16.2

    Han Feizi identifies three usurpation risks: open, affair-based, punishment-based. Strong safeguards block them, securing royal power.