• Han Feizi – Chapter 19.1

    Han Feizi rejects divination and astrology. Using Yan-Zhao-Qin wars, he argues state fate hinges on governance, not superstition.

  • Han Feizi – Chapter 18.3

    Han Feizi rejects blind adherence to ancient ways. True governance needs bold reforms, even against public resistance, for long-term gains.

  • The Reforms of Guan Zhong

    After Duke Huan of Qi ascended the throne in 685 BC, he appointed Guan Zhong to implement a series of policies aimed at enriching the state and strengthening its military, which are also known as the “Reforms of Guan Zhong” (or the Guan Zhong Reforms).

  • Guan Zhong

    Guan Zhong (?–645 BC) was a prominent statesman in the early Spring and Autumn period. His given name was Yi Wu, his courtesy name was Zhong, and he was a native of Yingshang. Initially serving under Prince Jiu, he was later recommended by his close friend Bao Shuya and appointed as a high-ranking minister…

  • Han Feizi – Chapter 18.2

    Han Feizi advises rulers to hold ministers accountable for both speech and silence, reject empty projects, and prioritize net gains.

  • Han Feizi – Chapter 18.1

    Han Feizi warns rulers against using ministers to check each other, which fuels factions. He advocates strict law to curb power.