• Cao Cao, Wu Fu and the failed assassination [Three Kingdoms]

    The late Eastern Han dynasty was a time of chaos, corruption, and moral crisis. As peasant uprisings like the Yellow Turban Rebellion shook the foundations of imperial rule, ambitious men emerged to shape the future.

  • The Anti-Dong Zhuo Coalition: Fiction vs. History [Three Kingdoms]

    Influenced by the famous novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, many people believe that it was Cao Cao who facilitated the military alliance against Dong Zhuo. According to the novel, Cao Cao forged an imperial edict, falsely conveyed the emperor’s order to summon heroes from across the realm to campaign against Dong Zhuo, and…

  • Cao Cao’s Rebellion: A Choice of No Choice [Three Kingdoms]

    In 189 AD, He Jin, the most powerful consort clan member of the Eastern Han Dynasty and holding the position of Grand General, was assassinated by eunuchs. Soon after, Dong Zhuo, the Governor of Bingzhou, entered the imperial capital.

  • Cao Cao’s Lineage: Cao or Xiahou? [Three Kingdoms]

    In Romance of the Three Kingdoms, after Cao Cao’s failed assassination attempt on Dong Zhuo, he fled Luoyang. As he passed through Zhongmu County, the warrant for his arrest issued by Dong Zhuo had already arrived. Although Cao Cao was captured, the county magistrate Chen Gong secretly released him. Cao Cao hurried back to…

  • Lü Boshe Incident between History and Fiction [Three Kingdoms]

    Luo Guanzhong, author of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, crafted a dramatic “assassination attempt against Dong Zhuo” specifically to highlight Cao Cao’s boldness, cunning, and adaptability. Although unsuccessful, Cao Cao’s spirit in attempting to eliminate a traitor for the nation is highly commendable.

  • Cao Cao’s Stigma and Springboard [Three Kingdoms]

    While later generations often portray Cao Cao as a self-made man, his family background and clan support were indispensable factors in his success. Records of the Three Kingdoms document his lineage, whereas Romance of the Three Kingdoms’ narrative downplays this influence. Modern studies highlight that his familial ties and clan networks were among the…