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Mencius – Chapter 13.12
Mencius advocates benevolent governance. Labor serving public wellbeing draws no resentment; executions carried out to safeguard innocent lives win no hatred. Legitimacy hinges on rulers’ benevolent motives rather than harsh measures themselves.
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Mencius – Chapter 13.10
Mencius divides people into two types: ordinary folks wait for sage King Wen to inspire them, while heroic moral scholars forge ahead independently. It highlights inner initiative, urging intellectuals to uphold virtue without relying on favorable rulers.
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Mencius – Chapter 13.8
Virtuous kings value goodness above power; noble scholars delight in their Dao regardless of rulers’ status. Nobles lacking sincere respect and full etiquette cannot regularly consult worthy scholars, let alone command them as ministers.