• The iron reformer: Shang Yang [Warring States]

    After the prolonged hegemonic wars of the Spring and Autumn period, the number of vassal states within the Zhou dynasty had significantly decreased. The Zhou royal court, though nominally the supreme ruler of the realm, had become a mere shell of its former self. The vassal states were constantly at war with one another.

  • The admonition of Zou Ji [Warring States]

    When King Wei of Qi declared himself “King” – a bold step beyond the traditional titles of “Duke” or “Marquis” – many hoped he would lead Qi to greatness. But instead, he plunged into revelry, neglecting state affairs for nine long years.

  • Bian Que, the legendary healer [Warring States]

    In the sixth year of Duke Huan of Qi’s reign (known as Huan Gong Wu, or Duke Huan of Wu, ruler of the state of Qi during the Warring States period), a renowned physician returned to his homeland.

  • The River God’s bride [Warring States]

    After conquering the distant state of Zhongshan, Marquis Wen of Wei knew he needed a trusted man to govern it – so he appointed his crown prince as Marquis of Zhongshan and recalled the capable general Ximen Bao. But rather than reward him with leisure, Marquis Wen sent Ximen Bao to another critical post:…

  • Trust without doubt [Warring States]

    After the Partition of Jin in 403 BCE, the newly established state of Wei, under Marquis Wen of Wei (Wei Si), quickly emerged as the most powerful among the Three Jins.

  • The Partition of Jin [Warring States]

    By the late Spring and Autumn period (770–476 BCE), centuries of warfare had annihilated dozens of small states, while larger ones like Jin (centered in modern Shanxi) grew internally fragmented. Power no longer resided with the ducal house but with hereditary ministerial clans – aristocrats who controlled vast territories, commanded private armies, and governed…