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Mencius – Chapter 13.10
Mencius divides people into two types: ordinary folks wait for sage King Wen to inspire them, while heroic moral scholars forge ahead independently. It highlights inner initiative, urging intellectuals to uphold virtue without relying on favorable rulers.
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Mencius – Chapter 13.8
Virtuous kings value goodness above power; noble scholars delight in their Dao regardless of rulers’ status. Nobles lacking sincere respect and full etiquette cannot regularly consult worthy scholars, let alone command them as ministers.
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Mencius – Chapter 13.6
Mencius stresses shame as humanity’s moral baseline. Feeling ashamed of shamelessness awakens one’s conscience and eliminates disgrace. This teaching criticizes utilitarian, unscrupulous Warring States scholars and advocates inner integrity.