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Mencius – Chapter 14.6
Mencius depicts Sage Shun’s balanced mind. He felt fully at peace enduring plain food in poverty, yet stayed unperturbed amid royal splendor after ascending the throne, undisturbed by either humble or glorious external fortunes.
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Mencius – Chapter 14.5
Mencius uses craftsmen as a metaphor: teachers can pass on basic rules and standards, yet cannot grant innate masterful skill. True proficiency relies on learners’ own diligent practice, personal insight and active self-cultivation.
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Mencius – Chapter 14.4
Mencius condemns boasting military skill as a great sin. A benevolent ruler wins universal longing without fierce battles. A punitive campaign means rectifying tyranny; people welcome such righteous forces, so brutal warfare is unnecessary.
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Mencius – Chapter 14.3
Mencius advocates critical reading: blind faith in classics equals having no books. He doubts the Book of Documents’ bloody battle record, arguing the supremely benevolent King Wu would face little resistance against tyrant Zhou, so only a small part of the chapter holds truth.
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Mencius – Chapter 14.2
Mencius claims no truly just wars occurred in the Spring and Autumn age, though some rulers acted less brutally. Only the Son of Heaven held the right to launch punitive campaigns; equal states had no authority to attack one another.
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Mencius – Chapter 14.1
Mencius condemns King Hui of Liang as cruel. Benevolent rulers spread love outward, yet this king sacrificed common folk for land wars, then forced his beloved kin to die in battles, letting cruelty toward strangers ruin his own loved ones.