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Han Feizi – Chapter 39.1
This Han Feizi ‑ Chapter 39.1 conducts layered debates over Sun Wenzi’s ritual offense. It discusses usurpation, political legitimacy and popular support, arguing power‑seizing ministers perish without winning the people beforehand.
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Han Feizi – Chapter 38.8
This Han Feizi‑Chapter 38.8 challenges Guanzi’s call for full‑open royal speech. It distinguishes public, proclaimed fa (law) from secret inner shu (ruler’s technique), arguing law should be widely known while state‑controlling method stays concealed.
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Han Feizi – Chapter 38.7
This Han Feizi‑Chapter 38.7 critiques Guanzi’s view on rewards‑punishments. It warns ministers fake proper conduct to match the ruler’s revealed preferences; judging merely by visible appearances misleads and blinds the sovereign to hidden treachery.
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Han Feizi – Chapter 38.6
This Han Feizi ‑ Chapter 38.6 criticizes King Zhao and musician Zhongqi. It holds royal security hinges on one’s own positional‑power rather than assessing foes, and officials must not speak on matters outside their official duties.
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Han Feizi – Chapter 38.5
This Han Feizi ‑ Chapter 38.5 criticizes Zichan’s detecting murder from a woman’s weeping. It argues rulers should rely on institutional systems, not personal cleverness, to uncover wrongdoing, citing the “great net” metaphor of governance.
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Han Feizi – Chapter 38.4
This Han Feizi ‑ Chapter 38.4 rejects Confucius’ varied governance advice for three rulers. It argues “knowing subordinates” via objective assessment and strict reward‑punishment, not subjective virtues, is the core of sound rulership.