The Analects – Chapter 40 (2.24). Integrity and valor

2.24

Confucius said, “Just as to sacrifice to ancestors other than one’s own is presumption, so to see what is right and not do it is cowardice.”

　　子曰：“非其鬼而祭之，谄也；见义不为，无勇也。”

Notes

These two teachings from the Analects establish fundamental principles for ethical conduct:

• No Sycophancy: Refrain from transgressing propriety to flatter superiors for personal gain, maintaining independent character and dignity.
• Moral Courage: Stand forthright for righteousness, embrace responsibility courageously, and never betray moral intuition.

The true noble person neither fawns obsequiously nor shrinks from duty. They act when action is due and refrain when restraint is required — upholding propriety, discerning righteousness, and embodying both courage and temperance.