• Mozi – Chapter 35

    This chapter refutes fatalism via Mozi’s Three Tests of truth. It argues fate excuses laziness and tyranny, citing sage kings’ virtuous rule and tyrants’ reckless ruin to prove human effort shapes fortune and order.

  • Mozi – Chapter 32

    This chapter advances Mozi’s utilitarian critique of royal music. It argues music drains public funds, pulls labor from farming and governance, and fails to ease hunger or end wars, citing ancient edicts to demand a ban on extravagant musical performances.

  • Mozi – Chapter 31

    This chapter argues ghosts exist and reward virtue while punishing evil. It cites recorded ghost vengeance cases, sage-kings’ sacrificial rituals and ancient texts, holding belief in spirits vital to curb crimes and restore social order.

  • Mozi – Chapter 28

    This chapter holds Heaven’s will the absolute moral gauge. It criticizes people’s moral double standard: punishing petty crimes yet glorifying interstate wars, and stresses universal love as the only righteous path conforming to Heaven.

  • Mozi – Chapter 27

    This chapter holds Heaven the supreme source of righteousness. It states Heaven favors universal mutual aid and punishes warmongering partiality, using sage kings and tyrants as examples, and treats Heaven’s will as the objective standard to judge all conduct.

  • Mozi – Chapter 26

    This chapter introduces Heaven’s will as the universal moral yardstick. Heaven favors righteousness and universal love, punishes partiality and wars. Sage kings complied with it while tyrants defied it, bringing corresponding blessings and disasters.