• Mozi – Chapter 19

    This chapter distinguishes aggressive invasions from Heaven-sanctioned righteous punitive campaigns. It denounces offensive wars for harming heaven, spirits and civilians, and advocates benevolent governance to win vassals without bloodshed.

  • Mozi – Chapter 18

    This chapter calculates war’s massive human and material losses. It refutes pro-war arguments with cases of Wu and Zhi Bo, showing conquest brings net loss, and urges rulers learn from historical failures to reject offensive wars.

  • Mozi – Chapter 17

    This chapter denounces aggressive wars. By escalating crimes from petty theft to mass killing, Mozi exposes people’s moral hypocrisy: they condemn minor crimes yet glorify invasive warfare as righteous, lacking clear justice judgment.

  • Mozi – Chapter 16

    This final Universal Love chapter refutes critics, contrasting biased partiality with impartial universal love. It uses hypothetical rulers, ancient sage records and reciprocal virtue to prove universal love practical, the only path to social peace.

  • Mozi – Chapter 15

    This chapter defends universal love against doubters. It uses rulers’ power to shape conduct as evidence, cites Yu, King Wen and King Wu to prove equal mutual love is workable, the sole cure for wars and all social harms.

  • Mozi – Chapter 14

    This opening chapter on Universal Love diagnoses all social chaos as stemming from selfish partiality. It argues impartial equal love for all would end strife, theft and wars, thus bringing universal peace and orderly governance.