• The Torment of Factionalism: A Dynasty Torn Apart [Song & Yuan]

    Introduction: This text traces the turbulent political shifts in the late Northern Song Dynasty, starting with Empress Dowager Gao’s regency after Emperor Shenzong’s death. It covers the Yuanyou Restoration, when conservatives led by Sima Guang abolished Wang Anshi’s New Policies. Factional splits among conservatives and Emperor Zhezong’s resentment followed, leading to the Shaosheng Restoration…

  • The Xining Reforms: Wang Anshi [Song & Yuan]

    Introduction: This post recounts the background and course of Wang Anshi’s Xining Reforms during the Northern Song Dynasty. It begins with young Prince Zhao Xu’s admiration for Wang Anshi’s reform ideas amid the Song’s crises in finance, military, and governance. It depicts the sharp ideological conflict between Wang Anshi and his former friend Sima…

  • The Iron-Faced Judge: Bao Zheng [Song & Yuan]

    Brief: This article explores the legendary integrity of Bao Zheng, a renowned judge during the Song Dynasty, contrasting him with his predecessor Fan Zhongyan. It details his strict adherence to impartiality, highlighting how he refused to take even a single Duan inkstone as a souvenir to distinguish public duty from private gain. A key…

  • The Man of Zheng Who Buys Shoes

    – by Han Fei (Pre-Qin Period) There was a man from the state of Zheng who wanted to buy shoes. He first measured his own feet, then left the measurement on his seat.

  • The wise son and the suspicious neighbor

    – by Han Fei (Pre-Qin Period) In the state of Song, there was a wealthy man. After heavy rain, the wall of his house collapsed. His son said: “If we don’t repair it at once, thieves will surely break in.” An old man from his neighborhood also warned him the same thing. That night,…

  • Self-Contradiction

    -by Han Fei (Pre-Qin Period) A man from the state of Chu was selling shields and spears.